Grades 9, 10

Other Massachusetts History and Social Science sets

• Grade Pre-K
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• Grade 2
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• Eighth Grade - United States and Massachusetts Government and Civic Life
• Grade 8
• U.S. History I
• World History I (2018)
• US History I
• Grades 11, 12
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Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas

Analyze the economic, intellectual, and cultural forces that contributed to the American Revolution.USI.T1.1

Explain the reasons for the French and Indian War (1754–1763), the North American component of the global Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France (1756–1763), and analyze how the war affected colonists and Native Peoples.USI.T1.2

Explain Britain's policies in the North American colonies (e.g., the Proclamation of 1763, the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, the Townsend Duties, the Tea Act, and the Intolerable Acts) and compare the perspectives of the British Parliament, British colonists, and Native Peoples in North America on these policies.USI.T1.3

Describe Patriots' responses to increased British taxation (e.g., the slogan, "no taxation without representation," the actions of the Stamp Act Congress, the Sons of Liberty, the Boston Tea Party, the Suffolk Resolves) and the role of Massachusetts people (e.g., Samuel Adams, Crispus Attucks, John Hancock, James Otis, Paul Revere, John and Abigail Adams, Mercy Otis Warren, Judith Sargent Murray, Phillis Wheatley, Peter Salem, Prince Estabrook).USI.T1.4

Explain the main argument of the Declaration of Independence, the rationale for seeking independence, and its key ideas on equality, liberty, natural rights, and the rule of law.USI.T1.5

Describe the key battles of the Revolution (e.g., Lexington, Concord, Bunker Hill, Trenton, Saratoga, Yorktown); the winter encampment at Valley Forge; and key leaders and participants of the Continental Army.USI.T1.6

Explain the reasons for the adoption of the Articles of Confederation in 1781 and evaluate the weaknesses of the Articles as a plan for government, the reasons for their failure and how events such as Shays' Rebellion of 1786-1787 led to the Constitutional Convention.USI.T1.7

Describe the Constitutional Convention, the roles of specific individuals (e.g. Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, George Washington, Roger Sherman, Edmund Randolph), and the conflicts and compromises (e.g., compromises over representation, slavery, the executive branch, and ratification).USI.T1.8

Evaluate the major policies and political developments of the presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson, and their implications for the expansion of Federal power and foreign policy (e.g., the origins of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties in the conflicting ideas of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton on topics such as foreign policy, the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the National Bank; the establishment of the concept of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison).USI.T2.1

Evaluate the presidency of Andrew Jackson, including the spoils system, the National Bank veto, and the policy of Indian removal, and the Nullification Crisis.USI.T2.2

Analyze the causes and long and short term consequences of America's westward expansion from 1800 to 1854 (e.g., the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812, growing diplomatic assertiveness after the Monroe Doctrine of 1823; the concept of Manifest Destiny and pan-Indian resistance, the establishment of slave states and free states in the West, the acquisition of Texas and the Southwestern territories as a consequence of the Mexican-American War in 1846–48, the California Gold Rush, and the rapid rise of Chinese immigration in California).USI.T2.3

Explain the importance of the Transportation Revolution of the 19th century (e.g., the introduction of steamboats, canals, roads, bridges, turnpikes, and railroad networks; the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad and its stimulus to east/west trade, the growth of Midwestern towns and cities, and the strengthening of a market economy).USI.T3.1

Analyze the effects of industrial growth throughout antebellum America, and in New England, the growth of the textile and machinery industries and maritime commerce.USI.T3.2

Describe the role of slavery in the economies of the industrialized North and the agricultural South, explain reasons for the rapid growth of slavery in southern states, the Caribbean islands, and South America after 1800, and analyze how banks, insurance companies, and other institutions profited directly or indirectly from the slave trade and slave labor.USI.T3.3

Research primary sources such as antebellum newspapers, slave narratives, accounts of slave auctions, and the Fugitive Slave Act, to analyze one of the following aspects of slave life and resistance (e.g., the Stono Rebellion of 1739, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, the rebellion of Denmark Vesey of 1822, the rebellion of Nat Turner in 1831; the role of the Underground Railroad; the development of ideas of racial superiority; the African American Colonization Society movement to deport and resettle freed African Americans in a colony in West Africa).USI.T3.4

Describe important religious and social trends that shaped America in the 18th and 19th centuries (e.g., the First and Second Great Awakenings; the increase in the number of Protestant denominations; the concept of "Republican Motherhood;" hostility to Catholic immigration and the rise of the Native American Party, also known as the "Know-Nothing" Party).USI.T4.1

Using primary sources, research the reform movements in the United States in the early to mid-19th century, concentrating on one of the following and considering its connections to other aspects of reform:USI.T4.2

Describe how the expansion of the United States to the Midwest contributed to the growing importance of sectional politics in the early 19th century and significantly influenced the balance of power in the federal government.USI.T5.1

Analyze critical policies and events leading to the Civil War and connections among them (e.g., 1820: the Missouri Compromise; 1831–2: the South Carolina Nullification Crisis 1840s: the Wilmot Proviso; the Mexican-American War; 1850s: the Compromise of 1850; the Kansas-Nebraska Act; the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford; the Lincoln-Douglas debates; John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, the election of Abraham Lincoln).USI.T5.2

Analyze Abraham Lincoln's presidency (e.g., the effects on the South of the Union's naval blockade of trade with other countries, the Emancipation Proclamation, his views on slavery and national unity, and the political obstacles he encountered).USI.T5.3

Analyze the roles and policies of Civil War leaders Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, and Ulysses S. Grant and evaluate the short- and long-term impact of important Civil War battles (e.g., the Massachusetts 54th Regiment at the Battle at Ft. Wagner, and the Battles of Bull Run, Shiloh, Fredericksburg, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and Appomattox).USI.T5.4

Using primary sources such as diaries, reports in newspapers and periodicals, photographs, and cartoons/illustrations, document the roles of men and women who fought or served troops in the Civil War.USI.T5.5

Analyze the consequences of the Civil War and Reconstruction (e.g., the physical and economic destruction of the South and the loss of life of both Southern and Northern troops; the increased role of the federal government; the impeachment of President Johnson; the13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments; the expansion of the industrial capacity of the Northern U.S.; the role of the Freedmen's Bureau and organizations such as the American League of Colored Laborers, the National Negro Labor Council, the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union; the accomplishments and failures of Radical Reconstruction; the presidential election of 1876; and the end of Reconstruction).USI.T5.6

Analyze the long-term consequences of one aspect of the Jim Crow era (1870s–1960s) that limited educational and economic opportunities for African Americans (e.g., segregated public schools, white supremacist beliefs, the threat of violence from extra-legal groups such as the Ku Klux Klan, the 1896 Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, and the Court's 1954 decision in Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka).USI.T5.7

Evaluate the impact of educational and literary responses to emancipation and Reconstruction (e.g., founding of black colleges to educate teachers for African American schools, the U.S. publication of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Samuel Clemens in 1885, and the development of African American literature in the early 20th century).USI.T5.8

Explain the various causes of the Industrial Revolution (e.g., the economic impetus provided by the Civil War; important technological and scientific advances, such as the expansion of the railroad system; the role of business leaders, entrepreneurs, and inventors such as Alexander Graham Bell, Andrew Carnegie, Thomas Edison, J.P. Morgan, John D. Rockefeller, and Cornelius Vanderbilt).USI.T6.1

Make connections among the important consequences of the Industrial Revolution (e.g., economic growth and the rise of big business; environmental impact of industries; the expansion of cities; the emergence of labor unions such as the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor under Samuel Gompers; workers' distrust of monopolies; the rise of the Populist Party under the leadership of William Jennings Bryan or the rise of the Socialist Party under Eugene Debs).USI.T6.2

Evaluate the effects of the entry of women into the workforce after the Civil War and analyze women's political organizations, researching one of the following topics: the opening of teaching and nursing professions to women; new employment opportunities in clothing manufacture as a result of the invention of the sewing machine; in office work as the result of the invention of the typewriter, and in retail sales as the result of the creation of department stores; the formation of the Women's Suffrage Association in 1869 and the Women's Christian Temperance Union in 1874.USI.T6.3

Using primary source images, data, and documents, describe the causes of the immigration of Germans, the Irish, Italians, Eastern Europeans, Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the major roles of these immigrants in industrialization and the building of railroads.USI.T6.4

Analyze the consequences of the continuing westward expansion of the American people after the Civil War and evaluate the impact of the 14th Amendment on Native Peoples and Asian and European immigrant men and women.USI.T6.5

Explain what Progressivism meant in the early 20th century and analyze a text or images by a Progressive leader (e.g., Jane Addams, William Jennings Bryan, John Dewey, Robert La Follette, Theodore Roosevelt, Margaret Sanger, Upton Sinclair, Lewis Hine, William H. Taft, Ida Tarbell, Woodrow Wilson).USI.T7.1

Research and analyze one of the following governmental policies of the Progressive Period, determine the problem it was designed to solve, and assess its long and short-term effectiveness: bans against child labor, the development of Indian boarding schools, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), the Meat Packing Act (1906), the Federal Reserve Act (1913), the Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914), the Indian Citizenship Act (1924).USI.T7.2

Analyze the campaign for, and the opposition to, women's suffrage in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; describe the role of leaders and organizations in achieving the passage of the 19th Amendment (e.g., Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul, Ida B. Wells-Barnett the National Woman Suffrage Association, National Women's Party, League of Women Voters).USI.T7.3

Analyze the strategies of African Americans to achieve basic civil rights in the early 20th century, and determine the extent to which they met their goals by researching leaders and organizations (e.g., Ida B. Wells-Barnett, W. E. B. DuBois, Marcus Garvey, Booker T, Washington, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People).USI.T7.4

Analyze the causes and course of growing role of the United States in world affairs from the Civil War to World War I, researching and reporting on one of the following ideas, policies, or events, and, where appropriate, including maps, timelines, and other visual resources to clarify connections among nations and events,USI.T7.5

Explain the rationale and events leading to the entry of the U.S. into World War I (e.g., unrestricted submarine warfare, the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman telegram, the concept of "making the world safe for democracy."USI.T7.6

Analyze the role played by the U.S. in support of the Allies and in the conduct of the warUSI.T7.7

Explain the course and significance of Woodrow Wilson's wartime diplomacy, including his Fourteen Points, the League of Nations, and the failure of the Versailles Treaty.USI.T7.8

Describe how resources for the production of goods are limited, therefore people must make choices to gain some things and give up others.USII.T1.1

Explain that the goals of economic policy may be to promote freedom, efficiency, equity, security, growth, price stability, and full employment and that different economic systems place greater emphasis on some goals over others.USII.T1.2

Define supply and demand and explain the role that supply and demand, prices, and profits play in determining production and distribution in a market economy.USII.T1.3

Explain what a financial investment is (e.g., a bank deposit, stocks, bonds, mutual funds, real estate); explain why the value of investments fluctuate, and track the gains or losses in value of a financial investment over time (e.g., stocks, bonds, or mutual funds).USII.T1.4

Explain how buyers and sellers in financial markets determine the prices of financial assets and therefore influence the rate of return on those assets.USII.T1.5

Explain the role of banks and other financial institutions in the market economy of the United States, and analyze the reasons for banking crises.USII.T1.6

Describe the organization and functions of the Federal Reserve System; explain the reason the government established it in 1913 and analyze how it uses monetary tools to promote price stability, full employment, and economic growth.USII.T1.7

Explain how a country's overall level of income, employment, and prices are determined by the individual spending and production decisions of households and firms, and that government measures such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) describe these factors at the national level.USII.T1.8

Analyze the impact of events such as wars and technological developments on business cycles. Examples:USII.T1.9

Explain and give examples of the roles that government may play in a market economy, including the provision of public goods and services, redistribution of income, protection of property rights, and resolution of market failures.USII.T1.10

Analyze how the government uses taxing and spending decisions (fiscal policy) and monetary policy to promote price stability, full employment, and economic growth.USII.T1.11

Analyze primary sources (e.g., documents, audio or film recordings, works of art and artifacts), to develop an argument about how the conflict between traditionalism and modernity manifested itself in the major societal trends and events in first two decades of the 20th century. Trends and events students might research include:USII.T2.1

Describe the multiple causes (e.g., fall in stock market and commodities prices, restrictive monetary and trade policies, post-war reparations and debt) and consequences of the global depression of the 1930s (e.g., widespread unemployment, decline of personal income, support for social and political reform, decline in trade, the rise of fascism), including consideration of competing economic theories that explain the crisis (e.g., insufficient demand for goods and services [Keynesianism] vs. insufficient supply of money [monetarism]).USII.T2.2

Gather, evaluate, and analyze primary sources (e.g., economic data, articles, diaries, photographs, audio and video recordings, songs, movies, and literary works) to create an oral, media, or written report on how Americans responded to the Great Depression.USII.T2.3

Using primary sources such as campaign literature, news articles/analyses, editorials, and radio/newsreel coverage, analyze the important policies, institutions, trends, and personalities of the Depression era (e.g., Presidents Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt, Frances Perkins, Huey Long, Charles Coughlin, Charles Lindbergh). Students may research and complete a case study on any one of the following policies, institutions, or trends:USII.T2.4

Evaluate the effectiveness of the New Deal programs enacted during the 1930s and the societal responses to those programs.USII.T2.5

Develop an argument which analyzes the effectiveness of American isolationism and analyzes the impact of isolationism on U.S. foreign policy.USII.T3.1

Explain the rise of fascism and the forms it took in Germany and Italy, including ideas and policies that led to the Holocaust.USII.T3.2

Explain the reasons for American involvement in World War II and the key actions and events leading up to declarations of war against Japan and Germany.USII.T3.3

On a map of the world, locate the Allied powers at the time of World War II (Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States) and Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan).USII.T3.4

Using primary sources such as news articles/analyses, editorials, and radio/newsreel coverage, analyze one of the events that led to World War II, one of the major battles of the war and its consequences, or one of the conferences of Allied leaders following the war:USII.T3.5

Describe the Allied response to the persecution of the Jews by the Nazis before, during, and after the war.USII.T3.6

Explain the reasons the United States gave for the use of atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan; and use primary and secondary sources to analyze how arguments for and against the use of nuclear weapons developed from the late 1940s to the early 1960s.USII.T3.7

Explain the long-term consequences of important domestic events during the war.USII.T3.8

Analyze the factors that contributed to the Cold War and describe the policy of containment as a response by the United States to Soviet expansionist policies, using evidence from primary sources to explain the differences between the Soviet and American political and economic systems; Soviet aggression in Eastern Europe; the Korean War, United States support of anti-communist regimes in Latin America and Southeast Asia; the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, NATO, and the Warsaw Pact).USII.T3.9

Explain what communism is as an economic system and analyze the sources of Cold War conflict; on a political map of the world, locate the areas of Cold War conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the 1950s to the 1980s.USII.T3.10

Analyze Dwight D. Eisenhower's response to the Soviet Union's launching of Sputnik (1957) and the nation's increased commitment to space exploration and education in science.USII.T3.11

Summarize the diplomatic and military policies on the War in Vietnam of Presidents Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon and explain the intended and unintended consequences of the Vietnam War the Vietnamese and Americans.USII.T3.12

Research and analyze one the domestic policies of Presidents Truman and Eisenhower (e.g., Truman's Fair Deal, the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 or the Social Security Disability Insurance Act of 1956).USII.T4.1

Analyze the roots of domestic communism and anti-communism in the 1950s, the origins and consequences of, and the resistance to McCarthyism, researching and reporting on people and institutions such as Whittaker Chambers, Alger Hiss, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, Senators Joseph McCarthy and Margaret Chase Smith, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, the American Communist Party, the House Committee on Un-American Activities, and congressional investigations into the Lavender Scare).USII.T4.2

Analyze the causes and consequences of important domestic Cold War trends in the United States (e.g., economic growth and declining poverty, the G. I. Education bill, the decline in women's employment, climb in the birthrate, the growth of suburbs and home ownership, the increase in education levels, the impact of television and increased consumerism).USII.T4.3

Analyze the origins, evolution, and goals of the African American Civil Rights Movement, researching the work of people such as Martin Luther King, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, John Lewis, Bayard Rustin, Robert F. Kennedy, and institutions such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the Congress of Racial Equality.USII.T4.4

Using primary sources such as news articles/analyses, editorials, and radio/television coverage, research and analyze resistance to integration in some white communities, protests to end segregation, and Supreme Court decisions on civil rights.USII.T4.5

Evaluate accomplishments of the Civil Rights movement (e.g., the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act) and how they served as a model for later feminist, disability, and gender rights movements of the 20th and 21st centuries; collect and analyze demographic data to investigate trends from the 1964 to 2010 in areas such as voter registration and participation, median family income, or educational attainment among African American, Hispanic American, Asian American and white populations.USII.T4.6

Using primary sources such as news articles/analyses, editorials, and television coverage, research Massachusetts leaders for civil rights and the controversies over the racial desegregation of public schools in the 1960s and 1970s, including:USII.T4.7

Using primary and secondary sources, analyze the causes and course of one of the following social and political movements, including consideration of the role of protest, advocacy organizations, and active citizen participation.USII.T4.8

Research and analyze issues related to race relations in the United States since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, including: the Fair Housing Act of 1968 and its impact on neighborhood integration; policies, court cases, and practices regarding affirmative action and their impact on diversity in the workforce and higher education; disparities and trends in educational achievement and attainment, health outcomes, wealth and income, and rates of incarceration; the election of the nation's first African American president, Barack Obama, in 2008 and 2012.USII.T4.9

Using primary sources such as campaign literature and debates, news articles/analyses, editorials, and television coverage, analyze the important policies and events that took place during the presidencies of John F. Kennedy (e.g., the confrontation with Cuba over missile bases, the space exploration program, Kennedy's assassination), Lyndon Johnson (the Great Society programs, the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts, the Vietnam War and anti-war movements, the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy), and Richard Nixon (the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency, diplomacy with China, détente with the Soviet Union, the Watergate scandal, and Nixon's resignation).USII.T5.1

Analyze and evaluate the impact of economic liberalism on mid-20th century society, including the legacy of the New Deal on post World War II America, the expansion of American manufacturing and unionism, social welfare programs, and the regulation of major industries such as transportation, energy, communications and finance.USII.T5.2

Analyze the presidency of Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) and the rise of the conservative movement in American politics, (e.g., policies such as tax rate cuts, anti-communist foreign and defense policies, replacement of striking air traffic controllers with non-union personnel.USII.T5.3

Analyze how the failure of communist economic policies and U.S.-sponsored resistance to Soviet military and diplomatic initiatives contributed to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the end of the Cold War.USII.T5.4

Analyze some of the major technological and social trends and issues of the late 20th and early 21st centuries (e.g., the computer and technological revolution beginning in the 1980s, scientific and medical discoveries such as DNA research, major immigration and demographic changes such as the rise in Asian and Hispanic immigration).USII.T5.5

Evaluate the effectiveness of the federal government's response to international terrorism in the 21st century, including the 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., the Homeland Security Act, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, and the Afghanistan and Iraq Wars.USII.T5.6

Explain different ways in which societies interact across regions (e.g., trade; cultural, religious, linguistic, and technological exchange and diffusion; migration; exploration; diplomatic alliances; colonization and conquests).WHI.T1.1

Give examples of exchanges of ideas and goods among ancient complex societies to c. 500 CE.WHI.T1.2

Explain how interactions among societies are affected by geographical factors such as the location of bodies of water, mountains, and deserts, climate, the presence or scarcity of natural resources, and human factors such as population size and density, mortality rates, or migration patterns.WHI.T1.3

Demonstrate the ability to analyze primary sources, including texts, maps, diagrams, works of art and architecture.WHI.T1.4

Demonstrate the ability to construct graphic displays that convey information about interactions among and comparisons between societies.WHI.T1.5

Map how the Buddhist, Christian, and Islamic religions spread from their places of origin to other parts of Eurasia and Africa to c. 1400 CE, and explain some of the means by which religions spread (e.g., by official government decree, missionary work, pilgrimages, translations of texts, the diffusion of religious imagery and the construction of buildings such as temples, churches, cathedrals, monasteries, and mosques for religious purposes).WHI.T2.1

Describe the central tenets of Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity, and Islam; create a timeline that shows when and where each religion or belief system began.WHI.T2.2

Describe the historic commonalities among monotheistic religions (e.g., Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam) and how they differed from polytheistic religions.WHI.T2.3

Describe indigenous religious practices in Africa and explain how these practices survived and shaped African Christian and Islamic religions.WHI.T2.4

Locate on a map and analyze relationships between political power, religion, and cultural achievement in one empire that flourished between c.100 and 1000 CE.WHI.T2.5

Explain the concepts of hereditary rule, kingdom, empire, feudal society, and dynasty and explain why these concepts are important in the analysis of political power and governments in different historical periods and in different places.WHI.T3.1

Map the geographical extent of one of the following kingdoms or empires; explain its central political, economic, cultural developments and its role in trade, diplomatic alliances, warfare, and exchanges with other parts of the world. Kingdoms and empires based in AfricaWHI.T3.2

Describe the goods and commodities traded east, west, north and south along the Silk Roads connecting Europe, Africa and Asia, including horses, grain, wood, furs, timber, spices, silk, and other luxury goods.WHI.T3.3

Explain how travelers' accounts and maps contributed to knowledge about the world.WHI.T3.4

Explain the widespread practice in Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas of enslaving captives of war and of buying and selling slaves from the 5th to the 18th centuries CE.WHI.T3.5

Describe coexistence, tolerance, and trade between Arab and Christian kingdoms in the 8th to early 10th centuries CE.WHI.T3.6

Explain the consolidation of wealth of the Catholic Church and the power struggles within the church in the 11th century CE, the development of the practices of feudalism, knighthood, and chivalry in Europe, and the emergence of the concept of rights in England.WHI.T3.7

Evaluate the causes, course, and consequences of the European Crusades in the Mediterranean region in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries CE.WHI.T3.8

Explain the global consequences of diseases, focusing on the Bubonic plague and its spread through the Eurasian and African trade routes several times, in particular the severity of the impact of the disease on mortality rates in Europe, Africa, and Asia in the 15th century CE.WHI.T3.9

Explain how classical learning survived into the medieval world.WHI.T4.1

Explain the global spread and consequences of Chinese inventions and technologies (e.g., gunpowder, the compass, printing, and papermaking).WHI.T4.2

Analyze the Agricultural Revolution (Arab or Green Revolution) in Africa, Europe, and Asia, including the diffusion of plants from Asia and Africa into medieval Spain and the construction of large-scale systems of irrigation (e.g., canals, windmills, and aqueducts).WHI.T4.3

Describe the importance to India's medieval economy of textile technologies (e.g., processes to improve the growing, processing, spinning, weaving, printing, and dyeing of cotton), and the importance of cotton cloth as an export to Africa and Europe.WHI.T4.4

Describe the origins and development of the European Renaissance, the emerging concept of humanism, and the influence and accomplishments of key artists, writers, and inventors of the Italian and Northern European Renaissance.WHI.T4.5

Describe the political and religious origins of the Protestant Reformation and its effects on European society, including. the reasons for the growing discontent with the Catholic Church; the main ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin; the importance of Gutenberg's invention of the printing press and its adoption by others in the spread of Protestantism across Europe, and the formation of the Anglican Church.WHI.T4.6

Explain the purposes and policies of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, including the influence and ideas of Ignatius Loyola.WHI.T4.7

Identify the role that the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation played on shifting political power in Europe, the persecution of religious minorities, and wars among European nations in the 15th and 16th centuries CE.WHI.T4.8

Explain the emergence of a wealthy Protestant middle class in the 17th century Northern Europe, its involvement in global trade, and its patronage of the arts and sciences.WHI.T4.9

Summarize how the scientific method and new technologies such as the telescope and microscope, led to new theories of the universe; describe the accomplishments of at least two figures of the Scientific Revolution (e.g., Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, René Descartes, Johannes Kepler, Robert Hooke, Antoni von Leeuwenhoek, Isaac Newton, Carolus Linnaeus); explain how advances in shipbuilding contributed to European exploration and conquest.WHI.T4.10

Describe the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula after the Treaty of Granada (1492), the rise of Spanish and Portuguese Kingdoms, the Spanish Inquisition, and the Spanish expeditions to conquer and Christianize the Americas and the Philippines, and Portuguese conflicts with Muslim states.WHI.T5.1

Explain the motivations for European nations to find a sea route to Asia.WHI.T5.2

Identify the major economic, political, demographic, and social effects of the European colonial period in the Americas and the Caribbean Islands, the so-called "Columbian Exchange" (the transmission of foodstuffs, plants, bacteria, animal species, etc., across the Atlantic for the first time and its environmental and agricultural implications); the impact of Christian missionaries on existing religious and social structures in the Americas, and the expansion of the trans-Atlantic slave trade.WHI.T5.3

Map the extent of the Ottoman, Chinese, Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, and British Empires in the 17th century and research and report on an account of travel, trade or diplomacy of the 17th century.WHI.T5.4

Identify the origins and the ideals of the European Enlightenment, such as happiness, reason, progress, liberty, and natural rights, and how intellectuals of the movement (e.g., Denis Diderot, Emmanuel Kant, John Locke, Charles de Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Mary Wollstonecraft, Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, or social satirists such as Molière and William Hogarth) exemplified these ideals in their work and challenged existing political, economic, social, and religious structures.WHI.T6.1

Explain historical philosophies of government, giving examples from world history:WHI.T6.2

Explain why England was the exception to the growth of absolutism in Europe.WHI.T6.3

Explain the development of constitutional democracy following the American Revolution, the United States Constitution (1787), and the Bill of Rights (1791).WHI.T6.4

Describe the growing consolidation of political power in Europe from 1500 to 1800 as manifested in the rise of nation states ruled by monarchs.WHII.T1.1

Explain the reasons for the Glorious Revolution in England and why England was the main exception to the growth of absolutism in royal power in Europe.WHII.T1.2

Analyze the various political, social, intellectual, and economic causes of the French Revolution (e.g., the influence of Enlightenment philosophy, the development of a middle class, the excesses and growing economic struggles of the French monarchy, the incompetence and corruption of the monarchy and government officials).WHII.T1.3

Summarize the main events of the French Revolution and analyze whether the revolution achieved its desired goals.WHII.T1.4

Compare the causes, goals, and outcomes of the American Revolution (1776–1787), the French Revolution (1789-1799), and the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), and analyze the short-term and long-term impact of these revolutions on world history.WHII.T1.5

Analyze the causes and methods of the unification of both Italy and Germany, including the respective roles of Cavour and Bismarck, and the effect that such unification had on the balance of power in 19th century Europe.WHII.T1.6

Identify the major political, social, and economic developments of Central and South American and Mexican history in the 19th century and analyze how these developments were similar to or different from those in Europe during the same time period.WHII.T1.7

Analyze the economic, political, social, and technological factors that led to the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions.WHII.T2.1

Evaluate the economic and social impact of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions in England, including population growth and the migration of workers from rural areas to new industrial cities, the emergence of a large middle class, the growing inequity in wealth distribution, the environmental impact of industrialization, and the harsh working and living conditions for the urban poor.WHII.T2.2

Analyze how the Industrial Revolution gave rise to new social, political, and economic philosophies such as feminism, socialism and communism, including ideas and influence of Robert Owen and Karl Marx.WHII.T2.3

Explain the impact of British economic and political reform movements such as labor unions on creating political reforms during the 19th century.WHII.T2.4

Explain how industrialization spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States and how industrial development affected the political balance of power among nations.WHII.T2.5

Locate on a map key locations outside of Europe controlled by the European countries in the 19th century (e.g., India, Canada, Australia, and much of Africa by Britain; the Philippines, western and southwestern parts of North and South America, and the Caribbean Islands by Spain; Cape Verde, Brazil, and parts of India by Portugal; North and West Africa by France; parts of central Africa by Belgium and Germany).WHII.T3.1

Describe the causes of 19th century European global imperialism.WHII.T3.2

Analyze the impact of Western imperialism in Asia, Africa, and Latin America:<ul><li>India<ul><li>the economic and political relationship between India and Britain</li><li>the role of the British East India Company in India</li><li>development of new railway infrastructure in India</li><li>the Indian Rebellion of 1857</li><li>the rise of Indian nationalism and the influence and ideas of Mahatma Gandhi in the 20th century for an independent India</li></ul></li><li>China<ul><li>the spheres of influence and extraterritorial rights for European nations</li><li>the role of the British East India Company in controlling the opium trade between India and China and the impact of the opium trade on Chinese society and politics</li><li>the rise of anti-Western and nationalist movements during the 19th century</li></ul></li><li>Japan<ul><li>the Meiji Restoration and the opening of Japan to the West</li><li>the rapid modernization and industrialization of Japan</li><li>the emergence of a growing Japanese empire in Asia by the early 20th century</li></ul></li><li>Africa<ul><li>the impact of European direct and indirect control of the existing political structure of African countries</li><li>the exploitation of African people for European economic gain in a variety of industries</li><li>agricultural changes and new patterns of employment</li><li>interactions between India and East Africa</li><li>the effects of assimilation on the people of Africa</li></ul></li><li>Latin America<ul><li>Spanish control of Cuba and Puerto Rico; Portuguese colonial rule in Brazil</li><li>the drive by the United States to annex Mexico's northern territories, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Cuba, and other Caribbean territories</li><li>the Spanish-American War of 1898</li></ul></li></ul>WHII.T3.3

Analyze the cultural impact of colonial encounters and trade on people in Western nations, drawing on examples such asWHII.T3.4

Analyze the factors that led to the outbreak of World War I (e.g., the emergence of Germany as a great power, the rise of nationalism and weakening of multinational empires, industrial and colonial competition, militarism, and Europe's complex alliance systems.WHII.T4.1

Evaluate the ways in which World War I was a total war and its impact on the warring countries and beyond.WHII.T4.2

Analyze the political, social, economic, and cultural developments following World War I.WHII.T4.3

Evaluate the negotiation of the Treaty of Versailles and how the treaty did or did not address the various issues caused by World War I.WHII.T4.4

Analyze the various developments of early 20th century Russian history including the Russian Revolution within the context of World War I, the growing political and social unrest under Czar Nicholas II, the emergence of the Bolshevik movement, the political revolutions of 1917, and the Russian Civil War.WHII.T4.5

Analyze later developments in Russian history, including the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922, the New Economic Plan (NEP) and the creation of a Soviet economy, artistic and cultural experimentation, the death of Lenin and the cult of his personality, and the power struggle that resulted in Stalin's leadership.WHII.T4.6

Identify the various causes and consequences of the global economic collapse of the 1930s and evaluate how governments responded to the effects of the Great Depression.WHII.T4.7

Identify the characteristics of fascism and totalitarianism as exhibited in the rise of the authoritarian regimes in Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s.WHII.T4.8

Evaluate the economic, social, and political conditions that allowed the rise of Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin in their respective countries, and how each dictator repressed dissention and persecuted minorities.WHII.T4.9

Analyze the aggression of Germany, Italy, and Japan in the 1930s and early 1940s and the lack of response by the League of Nations and Western democracies.WHII.T4.10

Analyze the effects of one of the battles of World War II on the outcome of the war and the countries involved:<ul><li>1940: the Battles of Britain and Dunkirk;</li><li>1941: the attack on Pearl Harbor</li><li>1942: the Battles of Midway and, Corregidor</li><li>1943: Stalingrad and the Allied invasion of Italy</li><li>1944–1945: the invasion of Normandy, D-Day, the Battle of the Bulge, Battle of Berlin, Battle of Bataan and the subsequent Bataan Death March, the Battles of Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Manila and Corregidor</li></ul>WHII.T4.11

Identify the goals, leadership, strategies, and post-war plans of the Allied leaders (i.e., Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin) and how wartime diplomacy affected the outcome of the war and the emergence of the Cold War.WHII.T4.12

Describe the Holocaust, including its roots in Christian anti-Semitism, 19th century ideas about race and nation, and the Nazi dehumanization and planned extermination of the Jews and persecution of LGBT and Gypsy/Roma people.WHII.T4.13

Analyze the decision of the United States to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in order to bring the war with Japan to a swift conclusion and its impact on relations with the Soviet Union.WHII.T4.14

Evaluate the global political, economic, and social consequences of World War II.WHII.T4.15

Identify the differences in worldview between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and analyze how tensions between the USSR and the West led to the division of Europe.WHII.T5.1

Analyze the impact of transnational organizations and alliances such as the United Nations (UN), the European Economic Community (EEC), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, 1949), the Warsaw Pact (1955), and the non-alignment movement on the developments of the Cold War.WHII.T5.2

Evaluate the importance of key military and political developments on the outcome of the Cold War. Students may use one the following examples to address this standard.WHII.T5.3

Analyze the major developments in Chinese history during the second half of the 20th century, including the Chinese Civil War and the triumph of the Communist Revolution in China, the rise of Mao Tse-Tung and political, social, and economic upheavals under his leadership, such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, the Tiananmen Square student protests in Beijing in 1989 and economic reforms under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping.WHII.T5.4

Analyze the development and goals of nationalist movements in Africa, Asia, Central and South America, and the Middle East, and evaluate how one of these movements and its leader brought about decolonization and independence in the second half of the 20th century (e.g., Fidel Castro in Cuba, Patrice Lumumba in Congo, Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, Gamel Abdul Nasser in Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru in India, Salvador Allende in Chile).WHII.T5.5

Explain the defense of and resistance to the official South African government policy of apartheid (legalized racial segregation) between 1948 and 1991, and analyze how opposition by the African National Congress, including resistance leader Nelson Mandela, and international organizations such as the United Nations, contributed to the downfall of apartheid.WHII.T5.6

Explain the background for the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948, and subsequent military and political conflicts.WHII.T5.7

Analyze the causes for the decline and collapse of the Soviet Union and the communist regimes of Eastern Europe, including the increasingly costly geopolitical competition with the United States, the growing gap between the economies of Western and Eastern Europe, the impact on people's lives of the weakness of the Soviet economy, the toll of extended military conflict in Afghanistan, and the weakening popular support for communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.WHII.T5.8

Evaluate the consequences of the breakup of the Soviet Union on the development of market economies, political and social stability, the spread of nuclear technology and other technologies of mass destruction to rogue states and terrorist organizations, and analyze how these consequences led to the consolidation of political power in the hands of an oligarchy during the first and second decades of the 21st century.WHII.T5.9

Analyze the contributing factors to and the effects of the global surge in economic productivity, the rise in living standards in Western Europe and Japan, such as the long postwar peace between democratic nations, the role of migrant workers in rebuilding postwar nations, and the policies of international economic organizations.WHII.T5.10

Evaluate how scientific developments of the 20th century altered understanding of the natural world, changed the lives of the general populace, and led to further scientific research. Students may use one of the following examples to address this standard:<ul><li>Albert Einstein and the theory of relativity</li><li>Niels Bohr and quantum theory</li><li>Marie and Pierre Curie and radioactivity</li><li>Enrico Fermi, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Edward Teller, and nuclear energy</li><li>Wernher von Braun and space exploration</li><li>Jonas Salk, the polio vaccine, and other medical breakthroughs</li><li>Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, James Watson and Francis Crick, the discovery of DNA, and the Human Genome Project</li><li>The development of the first integrated circuit in 1958</li><li>The invention of the ARPAnet and its evolution into the Internet</li><li>Sylvia Earle and oceanography</li><li>Jane Goodall and the study of primates and ecology</li></ul>WHII.T5.11

Analyze how various social and intellectual movements of the second half of the 20th century changed traditional assumptions about race, ethnicity, class, gender, the environment, and religion (e.g., the modern feminist movement, the LGBTQ rights movement; the environmentalist movement and emergence of Green parties).WHII.T5.12

Analyze reasons for globalization – an international network of economic systems—and explain its consequences for workers in highly developed and less developed countries.WHII.T6.1

Analyze the major forces in the Middle East since 1980, including the rise of Islamic fundamentalism; the bulge in the youth population, rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran, struggle for autonomy by the Kurds, the political challenges of the oil-rich Persian Gulf states, the Iranian Revolution of 1978–1979 and the Iran-Iraq War, the Persian Gulf War, the Iraq War, Arab uprisings, the growth of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).WHII.T6.2

Explain the role of populist political movements, their strength in European political parties in the early 21st century.WHII.T6.3

Analyze the rise in political and economic power of China and its increasingly critical role in global affairs (e.g., North Korea, the World Trade Organization).WHII.T6.4

Evaluate the impact of international efforts to address global issues.WHII.T6.5

Distinguish between the concepts of genocide and mass atrocity and analyze the causes of genocide and mass atrocities in the modern world (e.g., conflicts over political power, historical grievances, manipulation of ideas about difference and fear by political forces). Students may use one the following events to address this standard:WHII.T7.1

Analyze the events, people and conditions that have given rise to international terrorism including the emergence of the global terror network Al-Qaeda, the Taliban in Afghanistan, and ISIS, and evaluate responses by governments and societies to international terrorist activity.WHII.T7.2

Define the terms citizenship, politics, and government, and give examples of how political solutions to public policy problems are generated through interactions of citizens, civil associations, and government.T1.1

Describe the purposes and functions of government.T1.2

Define and provide examples of different forms of government, including direct democracy, representative democracy, republic, monarchy, oligarchy, and autocracy.T1.3

Analyze theoretical perspectives related to the Constitution such as theories on democratic government, republicanism, pluralism, and elitism.T1.4

Analyze perspectives on the functions and values of voluntary participation by citizens in the civil associations that constitute civil society.T1.5

Using founding documents of the United States and Massachusetts, research, analyze and interpret central ideas on government, including popular sovereignty, constitutionalism, republicanism, federalism, individual rights, the social contract and natural rights.T1.6

Compare and contrast ideas on government of the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists during their debates on ratification of the U.S. Constitution.T1.7

Research, analyze, and present orally, in writing or through a multimedia presentation how the principles of U.S. democracy (e.g., liberty, the common good, justice, equality, tolerance, law and order, rights of individuals, diversity, civic unity, patriotism, constitutionalism, popular sovereignty, representative democracy) are embodied in founding-era documents and how the perspectives on these principles have evolved, as described in core documents of subsequent periods of United States history. Cite textual evidence to summarize key ideas, provide historical context for the particular documents cited.T1.8

Identify and explain historical and contemporary efforts to narrow discrepancies between foundational ideas and values of American democracy and realities of American political and civic life.T1.9

Argue and defend positions on issues in which foundational ideas or values are in tension or conflict (e.g., liberty in conflict with equality or authority, individual rights in conflict with national or community interests or perceptions of the common good, or majority rule in conflict with minority rights).T1.10

Compare and contrast governments that are unitary, confederate, and federal.T2.1

Identify and describe provisions of the United States Constitution and the Massachusetts Constitution that define and distribute powers and authority of the federal or state government.T2.2

Explain the difference between a town and a city form of government in Massachusetts, including the difference between a representative and an open-town meeting.T2.3

Explain the legal, fiscal, and operational relationships between state and local governments in Massachusetts.T2.4

Distinguish among the enumerated and implied powers in the United States Constitution and the Massachusetts Constitution.T2.5

Explain the functions of the courts of law in the governments of the United States and the state of Massachusetts with emphasis on the principles of judicial review and an independent judiciary.T2.6

Explain the role, checks on the other two branches, and the powers particular to the President, including the implications of the authority to issue executive orders and the authority to appoint Federal judges.T2.7

Explain the functions of executive branch departments or agencies in the United States or the state of Massachusetts; conduct research on one governmental agency to determine the reasons that it was established and give a contemporary example of the function it serves. Examples include:T2.8

Examine the constitutional principles of federalism, separation of powers among three branches of government, the system of checks and balances, republican government, representative democracy, and popular sovereignty. Analyze and evaluate one United States Supreme Court case that addresses these principles, and make an argument orally, in writing, or in a multimedia presentation, for either the majority or dissenting opinion in the case and explain what the case demonstrates about the relationship between the branches of government.T2.9

Examine the relationships among the three main branches of the U.S. government in the current system of government, Congress, the Presidency, and the Federal Courts, as well as the Federal bureaucracy and the various balances of power between them. Evaluate historical challenges to the checks and balances among the branches of government and what they reveal about the relationship between the branches. Examples may include:T2.10

Research the course of the movement to constrain and reduce the size of government since the 1980s and make an argument, supported by credible evidence and responses to possible counter-arguments, that makes the case for or against this movement. The argument may be presented in writing, orally, as in a debate, or in a multimedia presentation.T2.11

Construct an argument about the relevance of the United States Constitution in the 21st century, analyzing the effectiveness of its concepts of the separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism, and the rule of law; support the argument with examples from recent political history.T2.12

Compare core documents associated with the protection of individual rights (e.g., the U.S. Bill of Rights, the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution, Article I of the Massachusetts Constitution, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination).T3.1

Research, analyze, and present orally, in writing or through a multimedia presentation the historical context of two Supreme Court decisions on a topic related to individual rights and what the respective decisions demonstrate about how the protection of individual rights has evolved over time. Cite textual evidence to summarize key perspectives in the decisions and provide historical context for the particular decisions cited. Cases may include: Whitney v. California (1927), Stromberg v. California (1931), Near v. Minnesota (1931), Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), Texas v. Johnson (1989), and Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)T3.2

Trace the evolution of political parties in the U.S. governmental system, analyze their organization, functions in elections and government at national and state levels, and evaluate examples of current methods used to promote candidates and issues.T4.1

Research the platforms of political parties and candidates for state or national government and analyze data on campaign financing, advertising, and voter demographics, to draw conclusions about how citizens in the United States participate in public elections.T4.2

Trace the evolution of interest groups, including political action committees (PACs); analyze the range of interests represented, the strategies used, the unique characteristics and roles of PACs in the political process, and the effects of interest groups on the political process. Evaluate perspectives on the role of interest groups since the founding of the U.S. (e.g. Federalist 10, current perspectives).T4.3

Evaluate the benefits and disadvantages of new technologies in politics, including how they broaden the influence of media and public interest groups.T4.4

Analyze current research on the impact of media on civic discourse and the importance of an informed citizenry that determines the credibility of sources and claims and exercises other sound media literacy skills.T4.5

Compare the debate over a public policy issue from the past and a contemporary one and evaluate the role of political parties, interest groups and media in influencing public opinion. Historical and current examples may include:T4.6

Use a variety of sources, including newspapers and digital sources, to identify a current local, state or national public policy issue and evaluate the influence on the legislative process of political parties, interest groups, grass roots organizations, lobbyists, public opinion, media, and individual voters.T4.7

With other students, identify a significant public policy issue in the community, gather information about that issue, fairly evaluate the various points of view and competing interests, discuss policy options as a group and seek to arrive at a consensus or compromise agreement, examine ways of participating in the decision-making process about the issue, and draft one or more position papers, oral or multimedia presentations on how the issue may be resolved.T4.8

Give examples of the ways nation states interact, including trade, tourism, diplomacy, treaties and agreements, and military action.T5.1

Analyze reasons for conflict among nation states, such as competition for resources and territory, differences in systems of government, and religious or ethnic conflicts.T5.2

Identify and explain powers that the United States Constitution gives to the President and Congress in the area of foreign affairs.T5.3

Describe the tools used to carry out United States foreign policy. Examples: diplomacy, economic aid, military aid, humanitarian aid, treaties, sanctions, covert action, and military intervention.T5.4

Examine the different forces that influence U.S. foreign policy, including business and labor organizations, interest groups, public opinion, and ethnic and religious organizations.T5.5

Differentiate among various governmental and nongovernmental international organizations, and describe their purposes and functions. (e.g., major governmental international organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the World Court, and the Organization of American States (OAS); non-governmental entities such as the International Red Cross and the Catholic Relief Services).T5.6

Explain and evaluate participation by the United States government in international organizations such as the United Nations.T5.7

Use a variety of sources, including newspapers, magazines, and the Internet to identify a significant world political, demographic, or environmental issue. Analyze how this issue may affect United States foreign policy in specific regions of the world, and make and argument, orally, in writing, or in a multimedia presentation that addresses the issue and acknowledges and refutes competing perspectives.T5.8

Define each of the productive resources (natural, human, capital) and explain why they are necessary for the production of goods and services.ET1.1

Explain how consumers and producers confront the condition of scarcity, by making choices that involve opportunity costs and tradeoffs.ET1.2

Identify and explain the broad goals of economic policy such as freedom, efficiency, equity, security, growth, price stability, and full employment.ET1.3

Describe how people respond predictably to positive and negative incentives.ET1.4

Predict how interest rates act as an incentive for savers and borrowers.ET1.5

Recognize that voluntary exchange occurs when all participating parties expect to gain.ET1.6

Compare and contrast how the various economic systems (traditional, market, command, mixed) try to answer the questions: What to produce? How to produce it? And for whom to produce it?ET1.7

Describe how clearly defined and enforced property rights are essential to a market economy.ET1.8

Use a production possibilities curve to explain the concepts of choice, scarcity, opportunity cost, tradeoffs, unemployment, productivity, and growth.ET1.9

Define supply and demand.ET2.1

Describe the role of buyers and sellers in determining the equilibrium price.ET2.2

Describe how prices send signals to buyers and sellers.ET2.3

Recognize that consumers ultimately determine what is produced in a market economy (consumer sovereignty).ET2.4

Explain the function of profit in a market economy as an incentive for entrepreneurs to accept the risks of business failure.ET2.5

Demonstrate how supply and demand determine equilibrium price and quantity in the product, resource, and financial markets.ET2.6

Identify factors that cause changes in market supply and demand.ET2.7

Demonstrate how changes in supply and demand influence equilibrium price and quantity in the product, resource, and financial markets.ET2.8

Demonstrate how government wage and price controls, such as rent controls and minimum wage laws, create shortages and surpluses.ET2.9

Use concepts of price elasticity of demand and supply to explain and predict changes in quantity as price changes.ET2.10

Explain how financial markets, such as the stock market, channel funds from savers to investors.ET2.11

Compare and contrast the following forms of business organization: sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation.ET3.1

Identify the three basic ways that firms finance operations (retained earnings, stock issues, and borrowing), and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each.ET3.2

Recognize the role of economic institutions, such as labor unions and nonprofit organizations in market economies.ET3.3

Identify the basic characteristics of monopoly, oligopoly, and pure competition.ET3.4

Explain how competition among many sellers lowers costs and prices and encourages producers to produce more.ET3.5

Explain how firms with market power can determine price and output through marginal analysis.ET3.6

Explain ways that firms engage in price and nonprice competition.ET3.7

Illustrate how investment in research and development, equipment and technology, and training of workers increases productivity.ET3.8

Describe how the earnings of workers are determined by the market value of the product produced and workers' productivity.ET3.9

Explain how government responds to perceived social needs by providing public goods and services.ET4.1

Describe major revenue and expenditure categories and their respective proportions of local, state, and federal budgets.ET4.2

Identify laws and regulations adopted in the United States to promote competition among firms.ET4.3

Describe the characteristics of natural monopolies and the purposes of government regulation of these monopolies, such as utilities.ET4.4

Define progressive, proportional, and regressive taxation.ET4.5

Describe how the costs of government policies may exceed their benefits because social or political goals other than economic efficiency are being pursued.ET4.6

Predict how changes in federal spending and taxation would affect budget deficits and surpluses and the national debt.ET4.7

Define and explain fiscal and monetary policy.ET4.8

Analyze how the government uses taxing and spending decisions (fiscal policy) to promote price stability, full employment, and economic growth.ET4.9

Analyze how the Federal Reserve uses monetary tools to promote price stability, full employment, and economic growth.ET4.10

Define aggregate supply and demand, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), economic growth, unemployment, and inflation.ET5.1

Explain how Gross Domestic Product (GDP), economic growth, unemployment, and inflation are calculated.ET5.2

Analyze the impact of events in United States history, such as wars and technological developments, on business cycles.ET5.3

Identify the different causes of inflation, and explain who gains and loses because of inflation.ET5.4

Recognize that a country's overall level of income, employment, and prices are determined by the individual spending and production decisions of households, firms, and government.ET5.5

Illustrate and explain how the relationship between aggregate supply and aggregate demand is an important determinant of the levels of unemployment and inflation in an economy.ET5.6

Explain the basic functions of money (e.g., medium of exchange, store of value, unit of account).ET6.1

Identify the composition of the money supply of the United States.ET6.2

Explain the role of banks and other financial institutions in the economy of the United States.ET6.3

Describe the organization and functions of the Federal Reserve System.ET6.4

Compare and contrast credit, savings, and investment services available to the consumer from financial institutions.ET6.5